Artificial Intelligence Regulations and Strategy Approach in the World
The rapid spread of AI technologies in all areas, from businesses to public services, has left regulatory authorities facing the need for a legal framework that has never been experienced in any previous technology. 2025 marks a critical turn for AI regulation, with the full entry into force of the EU AI Act, policy changes of the new administration in the Americas and the implementation of national strategies in the Asia-Pacific region It became my point. Determining the legal frameworks to ensure the safe and ethical use of this technology, which has the potential to add trillions of dollars of value to the global economy, is vital to both support innovation and minimize societal risks.
The European Union AI Act: The World's First Comprehensive Artificial Intelligence Act
The European Union's AI ACT, which came into force on August 1, 2024, has set the benchmark for AI regulations around the world. This comprehensive legal framework, taking a risk-based approach, divides AI systems into four main categories: unacceptable risk, high risk, limited risk, and low risk.
The regulation provides for penalties of a maximum of 35 million euros, or 7 percent of global annual turnover, and applies extraterritorially to companies outside the borders of the EU. In this context, artificial intelligence systems that have users in the EU or whose outputs are used in the EU are subject to regulation regardless of their geographical location.
AI ACT's application calendar follows a gradual structure. Prohibited AI applications will be in full force from February 2, 2025, obligations for general-purpose AI models from August 2, 2025, and rules for high-risk AI systems from August 2, 2026.
One of the most important innovations of the regulation is that it specifically addresses general purpose AI models like ChatGPT. Transparency requirements, copyright protection and risk management practices for these models are defined in detail.
Artificial Intelligence Regulations in the United States
Artificial intelligence regulations in America exhibit a complex structure that takes different approaches at the federal and state level. The AI Executive Order, signed by the Biden administration on October 30, 2023, provided guidance on the use of artificial intelligence by federal agencies, while imposing no direct legal obligations on the private sector.
But with the arrival of Donald Trump in office at the beginning of 2025, there have been radical changes in artificial intelligence regulations. The Trump administration has rescinded the Biden-era AI Executive Order, enacting a new decree titled “Removing Barriers to American Artificial Intelligence Leadership.” This new approach is based on reducing regulatory burden and innovation priority policies.
The AI risk management framework and security standards developed by NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology) continue to provide guidance for voluntary practices in the industry. Under the Defense Production Act, developers of powerful AI systems are required to report security test results to the Department of Commerce.
At the state level, California's SB 1047 law specifically focuses on introducing pioneering regulations on the safety testing of large-scale AI models.
Artificial Intelligence Regulations and Strategy Approach in Turkey
In 2021, Turkey was among the countries that announced the artificial intelligence strategy by publishing the “National Artificial Intelligence Strategy 2021-2025”. This strategy, prepared in cooperation with the Presidential Digital Transformation Office and the Ministry of Industry and Technology, was designed in line with the vision of “Digital Turkey” and the “National Technology Move”.
With the action plan updated in 2024, Turkey's goals in the field of artificial intelligence have become more pronounced. The plan includes strategic priorities such as the development of productive AI technologies, the creation of major Turkish language models, and increasing access to high-performance computing infrastructures.
The 2025 goals of the strategy include increasing the contribution of artificial intelligence to GDP to 5 percent, employing at least 1,000 people in public institutions, and training at least 10,000 graduates at graduate level. In this context, TÜBİTAK Artificial Intelligence Institute has been established and various ministries have started implementing artificial intelligence projects.
Turkey's approach focuses on compliance with EU regulations, while also aiming to increase its national technology development capacity. Particularly noteworthy is the policy of prioritizing domestic and national digital technologies in public procurement.
Legal Developments in the Asia-Pacific Region
The Asia-Pacific region exhibits differentiated approaches in AI regulations. China is leading the way as the first country in the region to introduce AI-specific regulations, while other countries are focusing more on developing principles-based guidance and voluntary frameworks.
Singapore published the “Model AI Governance Framework for Generative AI” in May 2024, identifying best practices for responsible development and use by enterprises across the AI supply chain. The testing tools developed by the AI Verify Foundation allow developers to evaluate their systems against international AI governance principles.
Japan aims to complete an artificial intelligence law called the “Basic Law for the Promotion of Responsible AI” by the end of 2024. The legislation will focus on “specific AI foundational models” with a significant societal impact and address issues of accuracy, reliability and cybersecurity.
ASEAN aims to strengthen regional coordination by publishing the “ASEAN Guide on AI Governance and Ethics” for member countries in January 2024. This guide takes a voluntary and light-touch editing approach that considers cultural differences.
Sectoral Impact Analysis and Compliance Processes
AI regulations are having varying levels of impact across different industries. The financial sector is one of the areas facing the most intense regulatory attention in this area.
AI regulations in the financial services sector are evolving in the form of an expansion of existing risk management frameworks. The EU AI Act classifies AI systems used for credit assessment and risk assessment in life-health insurance in the high-risk category.
Research in the UK shows that 75 percent of firms in the financial sector are already using artificial intelligence, while 10 percent plan to use it in the next three years. Foundation models account for 17 percent of all AI use cases, and third-party implementations are increasing significantly.
AI regulations in the healthcare sector are taking shape within the framework of patient safety and medical device approvals. In the automotive sector, special safety standards for autonomous driving technologies continue to be developed.
In the retail and e-commerce sectors, there is growing regulatory pressure to ensure that customer experience and personalization algorithms are fair and transparent. In the telecommunications sector, the compliance of AI systems used in data protection legislation is critical for network optimization and customer service.
Compliance Strategies for Businesses
According to McKinsey's 2024 study, CEO-level oversight of AI governance is one of the factors that most correlates with the bottom-line impact organizations derive from the use of gene AI. These findings highlight the critical role of senior management support in AI success.
The adaptation strategies of enterprises can be grouped under four main headings. First, under model transparency and inventory management, all AI systems need to be registered in a central pool and classified according to regulations.
Secondly, the establishment of strong governance structures is critical. These structures must provide adequate oversight, authority, and accountability within the organization and between third parties and regulators.
Thirdly, in the field of data and technology management, data processing processes should be developed that meet high quality and integrity standards in accordance with current privacy and data protection rules.
Finally, employee training and awareness programs are vital to ensure the responsible use of AI systems. It is important that gene AI risk awareness and risk mitigation controls are defined as required skill sets, especially for technical abilities.
Future Forecasts and Sectoral Transformation
The 2025-2030 period will be a critical period in which AI regulations will mature and global standards will take shape. According to a recent McKinsey study, 72 percent of organizations use artificial intelligence, up significantly from 50 percent in 2023.
According to the Financial Stability Board's November 2024 report, the effects of AI on financial stability need to be closely monitored and the adequacy of regulatory frameworks assessed. In particular, third-party dependencies, market correlations and cyber risks are carefully monitored for systematic risk.
On international cooperation, multilateral approaches such as the OECD AI Principles and the G20 AI Guidelines are expected to be strengthened. The EU AI Act's global standard-setting impact has the potential to create a GDPR-like “Brussels Effect”.
In terms of technological developments, the incorporation of new technologies such as quantum computing, neuromorphic chips and edge AI into regulatory frameworks will be an important item on the agenda in the post-2025 period.
Conclusion
AI regulations have reached a critical maturity point in 2025. The full implementation of the EU AI ACT, the policy changes of the new administration in America and the implementation of national strategies in the Asia-Pacific region form a global legal mosaic. In this framework, businesses have to develop proactive strategies to both adapt to local regulations and compete in international markets.
Turkey's National Artificial Intelligence Strategy and updated action plan contain important steps for the country to take its place in this global race. But success will be possible not only with strategic plans, but with effective implementation and constant updating of regulatory frameworks. While realizing the potential benefits of artificial intelligence technologies, adopting balanced approaches that minimize societal risks will remain the most important political and economic agenda item in the coming period.
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References
- Official Portal of the EU AI Act
- European Commission AI Act Information
- McKinsey State of AI 2024 Report
- Financial Stability Board AI Report
- Digital Transformation Office of the Turkish Presidency
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